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Niniejsze opracowanie jest próbą prezentacji wpływu pandemii koronawirusa SARS-CoV-2 i wynikających z jej rozwoju ograniczeń na działalność Łęczyckiej Zagrody Chłopskiej w Kwiatkówku. Placówka ta stanowi muzeum na wolnym powietrzu typu parkowego i jest częścią Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi. Została ona udostępniona dla zwiedzających w 2013 r. W ramach opracowania starano się zaprezentować nowe kierunki działalności placówki podejmowane w przestrzeni wirtualnej, jak również te, które stanowiły kontynuację dotychczasowych działań związanych z organizacją tradycyjnych wystaw czasowych, wydarzeń plenerowych i promocyjnych. Niniejszej prezentacji dokonano na podstawie działań podjętych w latach 2020-2021. Prezentując nowe kierunki działalności Łęczyckiej Zagrody Chłopskiej wskazano na wirtualne wystawy czasowe i publikowane on-line materiały o charakterze etnograficznym dotyczące np. świąt, obrzędów czy problematyki regionalnej. W ramach opracowania starano się również zaprezentować fluktuację frekwencji osób zwiedzających skansen w omawianym przedziale czasu w porównaniu z latami 2013-2019.Alternate :This study is an attempt to present the impact of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic and the restrictions resulting from its development on the activity of Łęczyca Farmstead in Kwiatkówek. This facility is an open air museum/theme park and is part of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź. It was made available to visitors in 2013. As part of the study, efforts were made to present new directions of the museum's activities shifted into the virtual space, as well as those that are a continuation of the previous activities related to the organization of traditional temporary exhibitions, outdoor activities and promotional events. This presentation is based on the activities undertaken in 2020-2021. While presenting the new directions of activities of Łęczyca Farmstead, particular attention was drawn to the virtual, temporary exhibitions and ethnographic materials published online, concerning e.g. some holidays, rituals or regional issues. Within the framework of this study, efforts were also made to present the fluctuation in the frequency of visitors to the open air museum in the discussed period of time, compared to the years 2013-2019.
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PurposeDuring the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, museums, as public gathering places for citizens, have encountered unprecedented difficulties due to limitations to operate as usual for their traditional exhibitions and curations. Thus, museums made corresponding emergency attempts to accelerate digital resource and service platform constructions. Such difficulties aroused many potential problems with the applicability of electronic resources and the mismatch between user expectations and museum services. This study investigates the challenges faced by Hong Kong museums under COVID-19, emergency responses and deliberate practices of Hong Kong museums from the perspective of both museum staff and visitors, and COVID-19's influence on the roles and functions of Hong Kong museums.Design/methodology/approachQualitative interviews with museum staff and visitors were conducted to collect opinions and experiences in the construction and maintenance of museums during the pandemic. Further thematic analyses of museum websites, evaluations, and suggestions were formulated guided by the PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological) and AIDA (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action) models.FindingsFindings revealed many online interactions and offline renovations, but the perceptions of visitors and staff differed considerably. While online resources and virtual museums were expanded and well received, long-term prohibitions and repressions drove physical visit desire. Participants emphasized finding a balance between user expectations and realistic practices.Originality/valueScant studies focus on the impact of COVID-19 on the cultural industry, especially in East Asia. This study also highlights new practices of digitalization and the challenges of functional transformation. The authors' findings and suggestions provide hints to optimize the curation of information resources and improve museum service quality in the new digital era. This study also serves as a reliable and meaningful record of COVID-19 impacts on Hong Kong museums.
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PurposeThis paper aims to provide clarity on arts marketing during COVID-19 by undertaking a critical review and theoretical integration of published cultural and creative industries (CCIs) data on the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe study draws on the findings from a content analysis of published refereed journal articles and research reports, between 2020 and 2022.FindingsThis study clarifies how scholars in the arts marketing field have examined the concept and identified core dimensions. It also brings together these conceptual categories into an integrative multilevel framework of relevance for arts marketing during COVID-19. The framework outlines interconnected processes as well as dualities, such as digitisation, monetisation and sustainability of the CCIs and poses a future centred on entrepreneurial actions.Originality/valueThe originality of the paper is that it provides clear-cut evidence for new frontiers for research in the field during a period of discontinuous change due to COVID-19, through a literature review that has not been undertaken previously. It links the need to be entrepreneurial as a means for the CCIs to survive and thrive during and after a global crisis.
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PurposeThis study aims to examine the commonalities and contrasts in the tourism objectives and strategies of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, thereby revealing the foundations and pillars underlying the strategic initiatives implemented.Design/methodology/approachThis exploratory study applied the resource-based view (RBV) lens to the country level. A comparative analysis of the tourism strategy in each GCC country was undertaken to determine commonalities and contrasts between the different strategies and to classify them into clusters. In the next stage, in-depth interviews were carried out to validate the findings.FindingsFour distinct clusters were identified in this paper: lifestyle glamor, emerging giant, sports-induced country branding and eco-friendly regional-based strategies.Practical implicationsThe findings and cluster classification are pertinent to policymakers and industry marketers in crafting tourism development plans.Originality/valueThis study analyzed the economic diversification strategies adopted by GCC countries as new entrants in the tourism sector and classified them into four clusters.
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PurposeThe paper aims to study hotel owners' perception of tourism in the five creative cities of India during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured, in-depth interviews (N = 30) and participant observation were the methods used for collecting qualitative data. Data was analysed using content analysis.FindingsThe findings reveal the effect of tourism on the psyche of small and medium enterprise hotel owners. Factors contributing to this anxiety are unpreparedness for the crisis, cash flow problems, failure to be flexible in this crisis, inability to leverage hotel's location and lack of hygiene habits.Research limitations/implicationsThe research illustrated a systemic lack of knowledge and training in the unorganized hotel sector in India which if addressed, could assist the hotel owners and staff in building trust toward tourists and a positive attitude toward the crisis.Originality/valueAs the study analyses the unorganized hotel sector in the Indian context, it provides useful insights for the Indian Government and hospitality industry to foster trust and positivity in this sector during the COVID-19 pandemic which could significantly contribute to its revival and psychological recovery of its stakeholders.
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This study aims to determine the growth factors, strategies, and performance of SMART. SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-Bound in the form of an effective process for determining and achieving business goals. The research design is a mix of methods to collect, process, and analyze data systematically and directly so that research can be carried out properly. Our findings reveal that the actual condition of the recovery of tourism industry, especially in Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan regencies is getting better. The main challenge for the post-pandemic tourism industry is to promote local tourism on the international stage. It can be concluded that the SMART tourism framework can provide opportunities for businesses to determine their goals in facing the challenges of the tourism industry. Also, these findings reveal a lack of critical literature examining the assumptions of smart tourism and questioning its feasibility and positive experiential, economic and social impacts on local communities. This study proposes a research agenda that is far from comprehensive by understanding SMART's tourism potential and possible shortcomings and becomes a recommendation for government policies in the context of restoring the tourism industry in Indonesia.
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In this paper, we present findings from a three-year research project funded by the US Institute of Museum and Library Services that examined how advanced broadband measurement capabilities can support the infrastructure and services needed to respond to the digital demands of public library users across the US. Previous studies have identified the ongoing broadband challenges of public libraries while also highlighting the increasing digital expectations of their patrons. However, few large-scale research efforts have collected automated, longitudinal measurement data on library broadband speeds and quality of service at a local, granular level inside public libraries over time, including when buildings are closed. This research seeks to address this gap in the literature through the following research question: How can public libraries utilize broadband measurement tools to develop a better understanding of the broadband speeds and quality of service that public libraries receive? In response, quantitative measurement data were gathered from an open-source broadband measurement system that was both developed for the research and deployed at 30 public libraries across the US. Findings from our analysis of the data revealed that Ookla measurements over time can confirm when the library's internet connection matches expected service levels and when they do not. When measurements are not consistent with expected service levels, libraries can observe the differences and correlate this with additional local information about the causes. Ongoing measurements conducted by the library enable local control and monitoring of this vital service and support critique and interrogation of the differences between internet measurement platforms. In addition, we learned that speed tests are useful for examining these trends but are only a small part of assessing an internet connection and how well it can be used for specific purposes. These findings have implications for state library agencies and federal policymakers interested in having access to data on observed versus advertised speeds and quality of service of public library broadband connections nationwide.
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The development of sustainable tourism is a modern-day necessity recognized worldwide by specialized organizations, by workers in the field, and by tourists. This type of development has several stages and requires the involvement of national and local authorities, local population, employers and employees, tourists, all economic agents that are connected with tourism. The emergence of a health crisis, such as the one we are experiencing now, imposes certain measures that affect the tourist circulation, and in fact, the tourism sector. The Covid-19 pandemic managed to interrupt the upward trend in the number of internationally registered tourists and in the income obtained from tourism, as well as their decrease to the level of 2010. One of the measures that could contribute to the recovery of losses from tourism and the development of sustainable tourism would be digitization. Digitization is a process, a stage that must be achieved in the sustainable development of tourism. By implementing modern techniques, the work of the staff and the access of tourists to tourist services are facilitated, and that would lead to the recovery of the tourists' trust.
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While three-dimensional digital renderings of cultural heritage sites have been developed over the past decades for informational and preservation purposes, the COVID 19 pandemic has demonstrated that the audience for virtual cultural heritage – so-called “technoheritage” – is likely to grow, engaging lay persons and specialist scholars alike through creative renditions and experiences of digital sites. Virtual availability affords democratized access to cultural heritage sites in theory, yet the process of digitizing heritage raises questions of intellectual property rights and how they should be allocated among the various stakeholders, including site stewards and heritage recording organizations. This article untangles these knotty intellectual property issues and posits that the current trend to treat all technoheritage and related data as copyrightable intellectual property is a clunky approach and not legally sound. Understanding the intellectual property in and to technoheritage and addressing intellectual property allocation in the complex manner the law requires are crucial to finding workable solutions that can balance concerns regarding appropriation of cultural heritage with open access to information.
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Purpose>The authors explore neuro-enhanced reality (NeR) as a novel approach for enhancing service communication between customers, frontline employees, and service organizations that extends beyond current state-of-the-art approaches based on augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies.Design/methodology/approach>The authors first take stock of research on reality-enhanced service communication with AR and VR, then complement these insights with emerging neuroscientific research to conceptualize how NeR enables innovative forms of service communication. On this basis, the authors develop a research agenda to guide the future study and managerial exploitation of NeR.Findings>AR and VR already offer unique affordances for digital-to-physical communication, but these can be extended with NeR. Specifically, NeR supports neuro-to-digital and digital-to-neuro communication based on neuroimaging (e.g. controlling digital content through thought) and neurostimulation (e.g. eliciting brain responses based on digital content). This provides a basis for outlining possible applications of NeR across service settings.Originality/value>The authors advance knowledge on reality-enhanced service communication with AR and VR, whilst also demonstrating how neuroscientific research can be extended from understanding brain activity to generating novel service interactions.
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Purpose>This study aims to investigate the perception of smart tourism technologies (STTs) in creating museum tourism experiences and assess visitors’ intentions to test the impact, the extent and role that STTs play in museum service.Design/methodology/approach>The investigation was conducted through an online and on-site survey;data were collected in four different museums with 365 museum tourists in four countries. SmartPLS (version 3.3.3) was used to access the measurement and structural model based on path modelling and bootstrapping.Findings>STTs have a positive impact on creating a memorable tourism experience for museum visitors and are beneficial to revisit intention and positive recommendations. The impact is stronger than traditional services such as museum setting and staff service. STTs can be considered an independent new service to museums rather than complementing existing services. STTs negatively affect tourism’s experience at the communication stage.Originality/value>Previous studies have noted the growing attention to the museum visitor experience, but the combined impact of new elements, such as STTs, remains an unexplored area. This study addressed the research gap through an empirical investigation and offers guidelines to test museum visitors’ acceptance and fitness for the services provided by STTs. In addition, this study presents a new point of view on the roles that STTs take in museum service, which can be useful for further investigations.
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The paper is based on needs to be taken by the Contribution of Arts and Handicrafts that has been spread across Our country towards resurrecting the Tourism Sector post Covid 19. The Impact of the pandemic, Corona Virus has bought the tourism sector to a Complete halt for the past 18 Months , the sector which is looked as an asset towards the generation of our country economy every year round. It was observed by the expert committee who says that the losses has gone upto over $ 64.1 billion, with an average of around 75 less travel in these period since the Lockdown in March 2020. Also the way forward is Uncertain thus making things a little in the unknown as we move towards the future path of resurrection the Sector. Tourism Sector has started in its slow recovery post the pandemic . Many a tourist spot has started opening to the General Public keeping in mind the SOP offered by its state Government. One of the Important Segment is the Arts and Handicrafts segment, the one that has the habit ofattracting tourists all over at the places of Destination.
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Religious Heritage Sites can benefit from adopting a marketing perspective. This paper 's objective is to develop a new model of marketing product for Religious Heritage Sites. Retrieving some peculiarities from social marketing, and more specific the religious one, and from services marketing, and more specific the touristic one, the proposed model has been illustrated through a case study for the Monastery of Hodos-Bodrog. The proposed visitors ' matrix for Religious Heritage Sites' shows different levels of consumers ' interest and engagement that should be considered when creating the product, in order to offer something of interest for each category of customers. The core product is offered through tangible and intangible components, becoming the adopted product when changes appear in the the consumer's way of thinking and behaving. Yet, the Religious product is not only goods and services, but it uses these in order to create the finality product - the salvation -, while the finality productfor Religious Heritage is the consumers' satisfaction. Adding some touristic and recreational activities, organized by third parties, to the product will create an experience that exceeds visitors' expectations. To illustrate and ensure a better understanding of the model, it has been applied to the Monastery of Hodos-Bodrog.
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The tourism model of 4s prevails as the dominant development model for tourist island destinations. Corfu following the 4s model of tourism development records negative effects which combined with increased environmental sensitivity result in the search for alternative forms of tourism. Cultural tourism based can emerge as an alternative tourism carrying capacity model. The development of the conditions of cultural tourism has not been sufficiently studied for its island destinations. The development of cultural tourism can have the effect of increasing tourism revenues and improving the standard of living in mature tourist destinations such as Corfu. Tourism policy and destination marketing should be devoted into an alternative model of cultural tourism. This article examines a possible correlation between cultural tourism and accessibility, the sun - sea, attractions and sights. Key findings of the present study are that cultural tourism is strongly related with attractions and sights. In addition, there is a relatively small correlation between cultural tourism and accessibility. These research findings can help decision makers, the regional authority, the municipal authority, entrepreneurs involved, and any interested party related to tourism policies and destination marketing understand some of the conditions required for the development of cultural tourism.
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Purpose>This paper aims to build on Fred Beard’s study of the world’s archives to identity historical advertising and marketing ephemera, published in this journal in 2018, by focussing on resources available in Europe to augment his survey.Design/methodology/approach>Online searching, supplemented by literature emanating from the business archive sector, led to the identification of 177 repositories or online sites in Europe holding advertising and marketing archives of significance for researchers. These are set out in two accompanying tables.Findings>A wide diversity of European archives that are open to researchers is revealed in this paper. Many are the archives of the business themselves, but a number of collecting repositories are also listed, brought together for the first time.Research limitations/implications>This paper focusses solely on Europe but does not claim to be comprehensive, as the study was time-limited and readers will, no doubt, know of resources that the author has missed. The findings relate mostly to Western Europe, so there is scope for further study to encompass archives in the former eastern bloc. Exploration of sources in Africa, Asia and Latin America would further supplement Beard’s original study.Originality/value>This research brings together the broadest list of advertising and marketing sources open to researchers in Europe published to date. As Beard’s focus was more on the Americas, this examination redresses the balance with an array of European sources which, it is hoped, will contribute to the greater use of many little-known or under-researched resources by researchers across the world.
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Purpose>This study aims to highlight the potential of digitised historic newspapers.Design/methodology/approach>This paper is a review of digitised historic newspapers as a primary source for marketing historians. It provides a survey of what is available internationally free of charge to the user. It also includes examples of the use of digitised historic newspapers drawn from the author’s own research.Findings>The paper reveals the huge potential for marketing historians of what is now available in a growing number of countries across the world. Much of this material is available free of charge to researchers with a connection to the internet.Originality/value>To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first paper to explore digitised historic newspapers as a primary source for marketing historians.
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[...]this special issue of RAUSP Management Journal presents fresh and creative thinking that advances theory, research and practice in social marketing. [...]we can expect a multiplicative effect of social support when used to advance societal well-being. [...]increasing physical activity may be more of a question of exploring the myriad of practices that are already occurring – an often-overlooked issue in behavior change interventions in this field. The paper has significant practical consequences, as it illuminates a possible alternative to reduce stress and produce other beneficial outcomes, something that is valuable in the present context of disruption. [...]the use of Facebook as a virtual venue to conduct experiments opens interesting avenues for future experiments using social marketing and related disciplines as theoretical guides.
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The rapid development of digital technologies in the 21st century has promoted changes in human life and the pattern of social economy. Museums have also been involved in the digital wave during the past two decades. Museums around the world are actively promoting digital exhibitions, making it easier for the public to search for and browse content over the Internet. In response to the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak, Taiwan upgraded its alert level the following year, adopting measures to minimize potential public exposure to the virus. These epidemic prevention measures have had a great impact on museums offering physical exhibitions and activities. How to turn such a crisis into an opportunity has become a priority for world museums in the post-pandemic era. However, while museums are focusing on adopting the application of digital technologies, the key factor in promoting digitalization in fact amounts to the information literacy of museum staff. This study conducted in-depth interviews with practitioners of public museums, using grounded theory to summarize and compile data collected from the interviews. The study attempts to determine the key information literacy skills that prevent museum staff from performing digital exhibitions. In addition to summarizing the elements and theoretical propositions related to information literacy in museums, the study proposes relevant discussions.
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Purpose>From an international retailing perspective, this empirical study aims to examine luxury fashion retailers' changing marketing strategies in China.Design/methodology/approach>Using case studies of 14 luxury fashion retailers, qualitative data were collected via 31 semi-structured executive interviews.Findings>Both standardised global and localised multinational marketing strategies were found to have initially been employed by luxury fashion retailers entering into China. Subsequently, localised multinational strategies became increasingly important for their post-entry operations and business development, particularly in terms of their product strategies. More specifically, as well as the introduction of Chinese brand names, product design has been adapted according to Chinese market conditions, and product portfolios have been adapted to satisfy regional differences. However, localised product sourcing in China is far less common.Research limitations/implications>As the findings are generated from China, they may not explain luxury fashion retailers' marketing strategies in other markets. Despite the relatively small sample size, the 14 luxury fashion retailer case studies originate from across a wide range of countries, retail formats and ownership structures and are therefore considered to be varied enough to represent the market.Practical implications>The study offers practitioners insights into the success that can be generated by the manipulation of marketing strategies, particularly product strategies, within the world's second biggest luxury market.Originality/value>This paper extends the current international retailing literature by examining and comparing the motives and practices of luxury fashion retailers and the increasing localisation of their marketing strategies in China as they move from initial market entry into their post-entry operations.
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Tandis que le monde se numerise de plus en plus, les bibliotheques modernisent leurs collections afin de les rendre disponibles en ligne. Au cours de cette transition, elles doivent relever de nouveaux defis en matiere de droit d'auteur et de droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans cet article, l'auteur examine les effets sur le droit d'auteur canadien du pret numerique controle utilise par l'Open Library, un projet de l'Internet Archive. L'auteur fait valoir que si la numerisation de la collection d'une bibliotheque constitue, a premiere vue, une violation du droit d'auteur, il est possible d'invoquer avec succes les exceptions garanties aux bibliotheques en vertu de la Loi sur le droit d'auteur, de meme que l'utilisation equitable en general, afin d'etablir une exemption pour la numerisation. En particulier, l'utilisation equitable represente une exception susceptible d'etre applicable au pret numerique controle lorsque les bibliotheques numerisent des ouvrages qui ne sont plus édités ou qui ne sont pas disponibles en version numerique.Alternate :As the world becomes increasingly digital, libraries are modernizing their collections by making them available online. While making this transition, they face novel challenges in copyright and intellectual property law. This article examines the effects of Controlled Digital Lending (CDL) as used by the Internet Archive and its subsidiary, the Open Library, on Canadian copyright Law. It argues that while the digitization of a library's collection is prima facie copyright infringement, the exceptions granted to libraries under the Copyright Act, and fair dealings in general, can be successfully utilized to carve out an exception for digitization. Particularly, fair dealings will be a viable exception for CDL where libraries digitize works that are out of print and do not have digital versions available.